Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are transforming the automotive industry by merging traditional internal combustion engines with electric powertrains.

In an era where sustainability is paramount, the automobile industry is undergoing a significant transformation. Electric vehicles (EVs) are pivotal to a greener future, yet rising demand places immense pressure on manufacturers to innovate swiftly and solve engineering challenges.

From the past few decades, the world has witnessed many versions of a cellular network, 1G version was a basic voice communication system that supported only Analog modulation. The flavour of data connectivity was present in the second version that used in digital technology.